The short version of lyophilized powder fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
Reviewed 2026-01-07. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Semax is normally supplied as a lyophilized powder, and that form is the most stable. Suppliers commonly recommend storage at -20 °C in a desiccated container protected from light, with short-term handling at room temperature limited to weighing and transfer. Powder that has absorbed moisture degrades faster, so vials should be warmed to ambient temperature before opening to prevent condensation on the contents. Hygroscopic behavior is typical of short hydrophilic peptides, and humidity control matters more than temperature alone for long-term retention.
Once dissolved, the peptide is considerably less stable than the solid. Aqueous solutions are usually prepared at neutral to slightly acidic pH, filtered, and divided into single-use aliquots before freezing. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles are a common cause of avoidable loss and are best prevented by never refreezing a thawed aliquot. Adsorption to plastic and glass surfaces can lower the measured concentration of dilute solutions, particularly below roughly 0.1 mg/mL. Buffer choice, salt content, and container material all influence how much peptide remains detectable after storage.
Semax 是一种人工合成的七肽，氨基酸序列为 Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro，单字母缩写记作 MEHFPGP。它被归类为促肾上腺皮质激素片段 ACTH(4-10) 的结构类似物，但并不天然存在于生物体内。母体片段 ACTH(4-10) 的序列为 Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly，Semax 替换了中间两个残基，并在羧基端延长了 Pro-Gly-Pro 三肽。这种延长被普遍认为能提升分子对肽酶的耐受性。
该化合物于二十世纪八十年代在俄罗斯被开发，相关工作由俄罗斯科学院分子遗传学研究所的研究团队主导。开发目标并非复制 ACTH 的完整激素活性，而是寻找保留其神经作用方向、同时去除促肾上腺皮质激素释放效应的短肽片段。研究记录显示，这一方向促成了多个相关短肽的合成与筛选，而 Semax 是其中被研究最广泛的一个。当地文献常以 Семакс 这一名称指代它。
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Solid storage temperature | -20 °C or below | Desiccated and protected from light |
| Solution storage temperature | -80 °C as single-use aliquots | Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles |
| Purity assessment method | RP-HPLC, around 214 nm | Reported as main-peak area percent |
| Identity confirmation method | ESI-MS or MALDI-TOF | Measured mass compared with calculated mass |
| Common synonyms | ACTH(4-10) analog; Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro | Also written as Semaxum in some sources |
Stability depends heavily on physical state. Lyophilized powder held dry, cold and dark retains its content over long periods, whereas dissolved peptide begins to change within days at room temperature. The most cited degradation route is oxidation of the methionine residue, which converts the peptide to a sulfoxide form that elutes differently on chromatography. Hydrolysis of amide bonds and adsorption onto container walls contribute smaller losses. Buffers that exclude oxygen from the headspace slow the oxidation pathway, but no single condition prevents all change indefinitely.
Practical handling follows from those properties. Bulk material is best divided into single-use portions soon after receipt, because each thaw exposes the whole container to moisture and temperature cycling. Vials should be allowed to reach room temperature before opening to prevent condensation on the powder. Low-binding plasticware reduces loss of dilute solutions, and sterile filtration is used when a preparation must remain free of microbial growth. Records of batch number, reconstitution date and storage history are what allow a later analytical result to be interpreted meaningfully.
Pharmacological accounts link semax to melanocortin signalling and to modulation of neurotrophic factor expression, particularly brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor. Much of this evidence comes from rodent studies using intranasal delivery, a route chosen because it allows peptides to reach the central nervous system with limited systemic exposure. Whether the same mechanisms operate in humans at comparable magnitude remains an open question. The precise receptor or receptors responsible for the reported behavioural and neuroprotective effects have not been conclusively identified.
Clinical reports describe use in ischaemic stroke, transient ischaemic attack, optic nerve conditions, and cognitive complaints, but most of these studies are small and were conducted in a single region. Systematic reviews have generally described the evidence base as limited in size and variable in methodological quality. Randomised controlled data suitable for international regulatory assessment are scarce. As a result, major treatment guidelines outside Russia do not include the peptide, and interest in it remains largely research-driven rather than routine clinical.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It is described in the literature as an analogue of the ACTH(4–10) fragment, a short N-terminal portion of adrenocorticotropic hormone that retains some neurotropic activity without the full hormonal effects of the parent peptide. The molecule carries a methionine residue at the N-terminus and two proline residues near the C-terminus, features that shape both its interactions with receptor systems and its chemical stability. The free peptide corresponds to the formula C37H51N9O10S and a molecular mass near 813.9 Da.
Starmer attends a UK–Ireland summit in Liverpool alongside Taoiseach Micheál Martin at which he says the two countries have "turned a page on the turbulent years" and are ready for a meaningful partnership. Conservative peer Lord Hamilton apologises after saying the Jewish community should "pay for their own" Holocaust memorial because they have "an awful lot of money" during a House of Lords debate on plans for a memorial near Parliament. 7 March – Reform UK suspends MP Rupert Lowe from the party and refers him to police, alleging he has made "threats of physical violence" against party chairman Zia Yusuf. Former Liverpool mayor Joe Anderson and city politician Derek Hatton are charged with bribery and misconduct relating to council contracts, along with 10 others. Former Secretary of State for Wales Simon Hart says that Mark Drakeford, the country's First Minister during the COVID-19 pandemic, "dented people's confidence" in the UK government by saying successful aspects of the fight against COVID were Welsh Government policy and the unsuccessful were UK government policy. 8 March – Former national security adviser Mark Sedwill tells the BBC's The Week at Westminster the potential deployment of UK troops to Ukraine could last "many years". 10 March – Mike Amesbury confirms he will stand down as the MP for Runcorn and Helsby following his conviction for assault, triggering a by-election. Home Secretary Yvette Cooper rejects calls from the family of David Amess for a public inquiry into his murder. Former Labour MP Thangam Debbonaire is introduced into the House of Lords.
==== Eva Kaili ==== Kaili denied any wrongdoing in the controversy. Her lawyers appeared on Greek TV stating that she "declares her innocence and that she has nothing to do with bribery from Qatar". Kaili's lawyers were also critical of her arrest as a "gross overreach of judicial power". They maintain that Kaili was in a state of shock, fear and confusion during her first interview and that she was not provided with an interpreter for the interview. According to her lawyers, it took a week for Kaili to be in "good enough psychological condition to be fully aware of what she was saying". Kaili reportedly felt "very troubled" and betrayed by her partner, Giorgi, according to her lawyers. Kaili has accused the Belgian authorities of "inhuman" behavior due to the Belgian authorities refusal to allow her to see her daughter in person or via Skype. Kaili said: "I am being tortured, this is so unfair that I cannot stand it, and I am breaking down. What is the problem with my little girl, why are they keeping her away from me?". The following day a three-hour meeting between Kaili and her daughter was authorised. The court decided on 16 February 2023 to keep Kaili in detention for another two months. Kaili had changed her Belgian lawyer from André Risopoulo to Sven Mary some time before the hearing. Mary had "represented one of the terrorists behind the 2015 Paris attacks". Kaili was released from pre-trial detention with an electronic bracelet on 14 April 2023 and, throughout the process, has continued to deny all charges against her.
== Zoological usage == The integument of an organ in zoology typically would comprise membranes of connective tissue such as those around a kidney or liver. In referring to the integument of an animal, the usual sense is its skin and its derivatives: the integumentary system, where "integumentary" is a synonym of "cutaneous". In arthropods, the integument, or external "skin", consists of a single layer of epithelial ectoderm from which arises the cuticle, an outer covering of chitin, the rigidity of which varies as per its chemical composition. The molting of this cuticle and growing of a larger one as part of their growth cycle is characteristic for arthropods, and ecdysozoa in general.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== 2.B Nonribosomally synthesized porters ==== 2.B.1 The Valinomycin Carrier Family 2.B.2 The Monensin Family 2.B.3 The Nigericin Family 2.B.4 The Macrotetrolide Antibiotic (MA) Family 2.B.5 The Macrocyclic Polyether (MP) Family 2.B.6 The Ionomycin Family 2.B.7 The Transmembrane α-helical Peptide Phospholipid Translocation (TMP-PLT) Family 2.B.8 The Bafilomycin A1 (Bafilomycin) Family 2.B.9 The Cell Penetrating Peptide (CPP) Functional Family 2.B.10 The Synthetic CPP, Transportan Family 2.B.11 The Calcimycin or A23187 Carrier-type Ionophore Family 2.B.12 The Salinomycin Family 2.B.13 The Tetrapyrrolic Macrocyclic Anion Antiporter (TPMC-AA) Family 2.B.14 The Lasalocid A or X-537A Ionophore (Lasalocid) Family 2.B.15 The Tris-thiourea Tripodal-based Chloride Carrier (TTT-CC) Family 2.B.16 The Halogen-bond-containing Compound Anion Carrier (HCAC) Family 2.B.17 The Isophthalaminde Derivative H+:Cl− Co-transporter (IDC) Family 2.B.18 The Pyridine-2,6-Dicarboxamine Derivative (PDCA) H+:Cl− Co-transporter Family 2.B.19 The Calix(4)pyrrole Derivative (C4P) Family 2.B.20 The Prodigiosin (Prodigiosin) Chloride/Bicarbonate Exchanger Family 2.B.21 The ortho-Phenylenediamine-bis-Urea Derivative Anion Transporter (oPDA-U) Family 2.B.22 The Imidazolium-functionalized Anion Transporter (IAT) Family 2.B.23 The Homotetrameric Transmembrane Zn2+/Co2+:Proton Synthetic Antiporter, Rocker (Rocker) Family 2.B.24 The 2,6-Bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine Anion Carrier (BBP-AC) Family 2.B.25 The Peptide-mediated Lipid Flip-Flop (PLFF) Family 2.B.26 The Bis(imidazolyl)-functionalized Bis(Choloyl) Conjugate (BIBCC) Family 2.B.27 The Tris-Urea Anion Transporter Family 2.B.29 The Anionophoric Marine Alkaloid Tambjamine Family
=== Titles and styles === 18 August 1830 – 2 December 1848: His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke and Prince Francis Joseph of Austria, Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia 2 December 1848 – 21 November 1916: His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty The Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary The full titulature of Francis Joseph after he succeeded his uncle Ferdinand I to the thrones of Empire of Austria and the vast realms of Central and Eastern Europe went as follows:
== Notes == a "Points" refers to carry-over points accrued following the sanction. For example, 154.69 points draw a one-match suspension, with 54.69 carry-over points (for every 100 points, a one-match suspension is given). s Denotes amount of seasons on the Essendon list only.
=== Phenethylamines === Phenethylamines can be classified into ring-substituted and non-ring-substituted form. Ring-substituted Phenethylamines include 'D-series' and '2C-series' while common non-ring-substituted Phenethylamines contain Benzodifurans, PMMA, etc.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Efficacy == On 16 June 2021, CureVac said its vaccine showed 47% efficacy from its Phase IIb/III trial. Later, the final result data showed an efficacy of 48% against symptomatic disease in all age groups and, for people aged 18 to 60 years, an efficacy of 53% against symptomatic disease, 77% against moderate and severe disease and 100% against hospitalization and death, as no cases were detected in the study. This was based on interim analysis of 134 COVID cases in its Phase III study conducted in Europe and Latin America. The final analysis for the trials requires a minimum of 80 additional cases.
Yeast taxonomy includes classification of yeast species depending on the presence or absence of a sexual phase. Therefore, some winemaking yeasts are classified by their asexual anamorph (or "imperfect" form) while others may be classified by their sexual teleomorph (or "perfect" form). A common example of this is Brettanomyces (or "Brett") that is usually referenced in wine and viticulture text under its asexual classification though some scientific and winemaking texts may describe specific species (such as Dekkera bruxellensis) under its sporulating sexual classification of Dekkera. Unless otherwise noted, this article will commonly refer to the asexual form of wine yeast. The most common yeast generally associated with winemaking is Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is also used in bread making and brewing. Other genera of yeast that can be involved in winemaking (either beneficially or as the cause of potential wine faults) include:
=== Erythropoietic protoporphyria === High doses of β-carotene (up to 180 mg per day) may be used as a treatment for erythropoietic protoporphyria, a rare inherited disorder of sunlight sensitivity, without toxic effects.
Purified animal-sourced insulin was initially the only type of insulin available for experiments and diabetics. John Jacob Abel was the first to produce the crystallised form in 1926. Evidence of the protein nature was first given by Michael Somogyi, Edward A. Doisy, and Philip A. Shaffer in 1924. It was fully proven when Hans Jensen and Earl A. Evans Jr. isolated the amino acids phenylalanine and proline in 1935. The amino acid structure of insulin was first characterized in 1951 by Frederick Sanger, and the first synthetic insulin was produced simultaneously in the labs of Panayotis Katsoyannis at the University of Pittsburgh and Helmut Zahn at RWTH Aachen University in the mid-1960s. Synthetic crystalline bovine insulin was achieved by Chinese researchers in 1965. The complete 3-dimensional structure of insulin was determined by X-ray crystallography in Dorothy Hodgkin's laboratory in 1969. Hans E. Weber discovered preproinsulin while working as a research fellow at the University of California Los Angeles in 1974. In 1973–1974, Weber learned the techniques of how to isolate, purify, and translate messenger RNA. To further investigate insulin, he obtained pancreatic tissues from a slaughterhouse in Los Angeles and then later from animal stock at UCLA. He isolated and purified total messenger RNA from pancreatic islet cells which was then translated in oocytes from Xenopus laevis and precipitated using anti-insulin antibodies.
=== Basic tools === The chemoproteomic toolkit is anchored by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS or LC-MS) based quantitative proteomics, which allows for the near complete identification and relative quantification of complex proteomes in biological samples. In addition to proteomic analysis, the detection of post-translational modifications, like phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and recently ubiquitination, which give insight into the functional state of a cell, is also possible. The vast majority of proteomic studies are analyzed using high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometers and samples are processed using a generalizable workflow. A standard procedure begins with sample lysis, in which proteins are extracted into a denaturing buffer containing salts, an agent that reduces disulfide bonds, such as dithiothreitol, and an alkylating agent that caps thiol groups, such as iodoacetamide. Denatured proteins are proteolysed, often with trypsin, and then separated from other mixture components prior to analysis via LC-MS/MS. For more accurate quantification, different samples can be reacted with isobaric tandem mass tags (TMTs), a form of chemical barcode that allows for sample multiplexing, and then pooled.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Each freeze-thaw cycle can degrade a fraction of the peptide and promote aggregation. Dividing a stock solution into single-use volumes removes repeated cycling as a variable. It also limits the time a thawed solution spends at room temperature.
A high main-peak percentage says little about identity, counter-ion content, or residual solvents. It also does not distinguish an isomer or a closely eluting analog. Mass confirmation and the accompanying documentation cover those gaps.
Salt form changes mass, solubility, and hygroscopicity, and acetate and trifluoroacetate salts behave differently in solution. Storage guidance still centers on -20 °C for powder and lower temperatures for solutions. The certificate should state which salt is present.
不是。Semax 是完全人工合成的七肽，自然界中没有对应的已知肽段。它的设计灵感来自促肾上腺皮质激素片段 ACTH(4-10)，但序列经过了替换和延长。